IFPRI-IGIDR Workshop on Implementation of MGNREGA in India A Review of Impacts for Future Learning - Agriculture & Environment - Sudha Naryanan, Megan Sheahan
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1) The document reviews literature on the impacts of MGNREGA implementation in India on agriculture and the environment. 2) Studies have found that MGNREGA participation leads farmers to shift to more profitable and higher-value crops, though not consistently across all regions. 3) Asset creation through MGNREGA has improved soil and water resources in many areas, reducing vulnerability of agriculture to drought while increasing water availability and biomass.
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IFPRI-IGIDR Workshop on Implementation of MGNREGA in India A Review of Impacts for Future Learning - Agriculture & Environment - Sudha Naryanan, Megan Sheahan
- 1. Theme 3: Agriculture and Environment Implementation of MGNREGA in India: A Review of Impacts for Future Learning Featuring work completed by IFPRI, Cornell University, and IGIDR with funding from 3ie
- 2. Biomass Soil quality From MGNREGA to Agriculture Inputs & investment Adaptation • Mechanisation? • Cropping pattern shifts? Supply of labour Land levelling Land & Soil Livestock Water availability Connectivity Water access Wages Work Assets on Private Lands Public lands Area cropped, productivity, cropping pattern and / or Incomes Household
- 3. Review of literature • Environment • Esteves, et. al (2013) & IISc(2013) • Verma and Shah (2011) • Narayanan, et al (2014) • Agricultural practices • Gehrke (2013) • Varshney (2013) • Bhargava (2014) • Hari and Raghunathan (2014)
- 4. Review of literature: Agricultural Practices • Gehrke (2013) • MGNREGA participants increase the share of inputs allocated to more profitable crops, especially to cotton, shift to high value, but riskier crops. • Hari and Raghunathan (2014) • Analyse this with district level data. Find similar results. • Varshney, et al, (2013) • District level data on agricultural cropping patterns to compare partial implementation (2004/5 and 2007/8), with those with full implementation (2007/8 and 2011/12). No consistent evidence of impacts on cropping patterns. Wage increases, but are not sustained. Bhargava (2014, 2015) • NREGA causes a roughly 20 percentage point shift away from labor-intensive technologies towards labor-saving ones, particularly for small farmers and low-powered technologies.
- 5. Review of literature: Environment • IISc Study (Rapid scientific measures) 2011, 2013 • reduced the vulnerability of agricultural production, water resources and livelihoods to uncertain rainfall, water scarcity poor soil fertility. • 2,000 households in 40 villages in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka documents clear benefits in terms of reduced soil erosion, increased water availability, groundwater recharge and biomass. • Agarwal, et. al (2012) • RoR 2.29-4.09% for Jharkhand wells. • Narayanan, et. al (2014) • Survey of over 4100 assets across 100 villages in 20 districts • 90% of respondents considered the works very useful or somewhat useful; only 8% felt the works were useless. • Tata-IWMI studies reported in Verma and Shah (2012) • best examples of 140 MGNREGA assets in 75 villages in Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala and Rajasthan suggestsFor a majority of assets, recovery is within a year of completion of works. • Additional water /protective irrigation leading to saving of diesel costs • Pisciculture • Groundwater recharge
- 6. Work initiated/ in progress • Constrained by paucity of good data on agriculture. • Six ICIRSAT-VDSA villages data pre & post MGNREGA combined with MGNREGA specific survey to parse some of these effects • District level data on agriculture and agricultural census data to research some of these impacts. Project paper
- 7. More information about project outputs can be found at: http://www.igidr.ac.in/mgnrega/